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What Is Adaptive Streaming?

[This article is part of Streaming Media's "What Is" 系列,提供在线视频中关键概念的高级概述和定义.]

Executive Summary

Adaptive streaming technologies enable the optimum streaming 在广泛的连接速度下,为各种设备提供视频观看体验. 如果流媒体视频对你的企业至关重要, and you’re not using adaptive streaming today, or soon to implement it, you’re already behind the curve. This document describes what adaptive streaming is, identifies the primary technology contenders, 并讨论了在选择技术时应该考虑的因素.

Adaptive Streaming Defined

自适应流媒体技术共享几个关键方面. First, 它们从同一个源文件生成多个文件,通过不同的连接速度分发给在不同电源设备上观看的观众. Second, they distribute the files adaptively, 更改所交付的流以适应播放站上有效吞吐量和可用CPU周期的变化.

Third, they all operate transparently to the user, 这样,观众点击一个按钮(而不是像电影预告片那样,用户事先选择比特率和视频质量的多个按钮),所有的流切换都在幕后发生. 观看者可能会注意到流切换时质量的轻微变化, but no action is required on his part.

所有的技术都有相似的操作特性, though there are some key differences. For example, 所有自适应流媒体技术都监视诸如视频缓冲区状态之类的因素,以评估有效吞吐量和CPU利用率,以及评估播放站上可用的计算能力的丢弃帧. 此信息用于确定何时切换流.

For example, if the video buffer is full and CPU utilization low, 自适应流媒体技术可以切换到更高质量的流媒体,以增强观看体验. If the buffer drops below certain levels, or CPU utilization spikes above certain thresholds, the technology may switch to a lower quality stream.

这两种技术在实现上的关键区别在于是否涉及流服务器. Specifically, some technologies require a streaming server, and constant communication between the server and player. 如果需要流切换,服务器通过向查看器发送不同的流来实现它.

Other technologies operate without a streaming server. 不同质量的流被发布到一个或多个web服务器上的不同地址. 播放器监控操作启发式,如CPU利用率和缓冲区状态, 决定何时需要流切换,并在适当的时候开始从不同的流检索数据.

Either way, 自适应流媒体技术使生产者能够在带宽/功率谱的高端提供出色的质量流,因为它们也服务于低端. Without adaptive streaming, 大多数制作人要么分发一个中等质量的文件,在最佳观看配置下看起来低于平均水平, 或者创建多个文件并强制查看器选择所需的配置.

Adaptive Streaming Vendors and Service Providers

玩家可以分为三大类:技术开发者, service providers and standard-based technologies. Prominent technology providers include Adobe with Flash-based Dynamic Streaming, Apple with HTTP Live Streaming (HLS), and Microsoft with Smooth Streaming for Silverlight. Move Networks该公司是该市场的先驱,但在很大程度上已经退出了通用技术提供商的行列. 一些基于webm的HTML5选项也正在开发或可用, including technologies from Anevia and Quavlive.

Service providers include primarily Akamai, with its Akamai HD Network这是一个可以向iOS设备、Flash和Silverlight客户端交付的平台. Several companies, most notably Netflix, 是否开发了自己的自适应流媒体技术供内部使用.

基于标准的技术包括可扩展视频编码(SVC),它是H.264 specification. In addition, 苹果公司已经向互联网工程任务组(IETF)提交了HTTP Live Streaming协议。 它在标准化过程中处于什么位置.

Choosing an Adaptive Streaming Technology

以下是在选择自适应流媒体技术时应该考虑的主要因素.

Supported Playback Platforms

直观地说,最重要的考虑因素是一项技术是否能达到你的目标受众. Starting with computer-based playback, 与html5兼容的浏览器渗透率仍然低于60%(根据netmarketshare).com),这意味着Flash或基于silverlight的解决方案. In this regard, 而Silverlight的渗透率在过去几年一直在增长, at about 71% worldwide penetration (according to www.riastats.但它仍然远远落后于同一网站报告的97%的Flash渗透率.

如果你在分发优质内容,比如奥运会或者 Sunday Night Football, 您可以假设观众将下载并安装Silverlight客户端来观看您的视频. 对于更平淡无奇的内容,这种假设可能更难做出.

If mobile is an important target market, 您必须实现至少两种自适应流媒体技术, 因为Flash和Silverlight都不能在iOS设备或大多数其他移动平台上运行. Android开发者Google通过在Android 3上实现HLS帮助了这一进程.0平台,希望其他移动平台也能加入进来.

However, HTTP Live Streaming在传统计算机上是行不通的,因为它需要QuickTimeX播放器, which is only available on Snow Leopard, and not at all on Windows. 虽然有一些第三方解决方案可以在Windows上实现HLS播放, 在大多数百家乐软件app最新版下载考虑放弃Flash或Silverlight而在普通电脑上使用HLS之前,这些播放器的渗透率必须变得非常显著.

Fortunately, 支持多种自适应流媒体技术不像以前那样艰巨了, 因为像Akamai提供的多平台功能正变得越来越主流, 无论是通过Akamai这样的服务提供商,还是通过第三方流媒体服务器. For example, Wowza Media Server 2 can input a single stream of H.264-encoded video in multiple formats, 并动态地转换容器格式和协议以交付给Flash, Silverlight, iOS devices and other platforms.

You can buy the Wowza Media Server yourself, 或者选择使用Wowza技术的在线视频平台(OVP)或内容分发网络(CDN), or other similar products, to offer these capabilities to third parties. In addition, at NAB 2011, Adobe预览了Flash Media Server向iOS设备交付的能力, 而微软的IIS媒体服务可以将传入的平滑流媒体视频流转换为iOS交付.

Which Protocol Does it Use?

When originally released, Adobe的动态流媒体专门使用实时消息协议(RTMP)将视频分发给观众, 与使用更通用的超文本传输协议(HTTP)的技术相比,它有很多缺点, which include HLS and Smooth Streaming. First, as a server-based technology, 动态流的初始实现需要服务器和播放器之间的持久连接, 哪些可能增加实现成本并限制部署可伸缩性.

Second, RTMP数据包可能难以通过某些防火墙, 但如果遇到这些问题,Flash Media Server有解决方案. Third, 通过HTTP传输的视频数据包可以更容易地利用isp网络中可用的标准HTTP缓存, corporations, and other organizations, 怎样才能提高配送效率和服务质量. Finally, 技术专家普遍认为,使用基于http的自适应流技术所使用的基于块的交付,流交换可以更有效地工作.

虽然这些争论创造了一个强有力的案例,即RTMP是一个可悲的缺乏提供自适应流的协议, 在某种程度上,这类似于认为空气对哺乳动物有害,水对鱼类和甲壳类动物有害. That is, if you take large-scale events out of the picture, 绝大多数实际的流媒体视频(与渐进式下载相反)都是通过RTMP传输的.

For example, the Wall Street Journal, Bloomberg and the Financial Times 都通过RTMP分发Flash视频,如果视频被拒绝,他们可能不会使用RTMP en masse by the firewalls used by many of their tony viewers. MTV and CBS also stream via RTMP, which should put issues about scalability and cost to bed, as well as the benefits of the caching of HTTP packets.

Overall, however, what finally put the RTMP vs. Adobe宣布并发布了一个HTTP版本的动态流媒体. 所以现在如果你想通过HTTP传送到Flash Player,你有一个Adobe选项.

DRM

The final consideration, at least for some producers, 是否有数字版权管理(DRM)功能来保护他们的内容. In this regard, Adobe offers Flash Access and other technologies, Microsoft offers PlayReady content protection and while HLS doesn’t support DRM, the specification does enable encryption, 和其他HTTP技术可用于限制对内容的访问, like HTTPS authentication.

在部署DRM时,有一些高层次的概念,而细节才是关键. 如果DRM对你的盈利策略至关重要,那么一定要在早期检查DRM的可用性.

Conclusion

自适应流媒体可能是向各种各样的观众提供最佳服务质量的最重要的功能. 然而,与往常一样,并非所有技术都是平等的,也没有放之四海而皆准的解决方案. If streaming is mission critical to your enterprise, 您需要考虑最能满足您需求的解决方案或解决方案组合.

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